John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Doubts often arise about what and who determine project success. The purpose of this topic is to discuss the issues from different viewpoints of people looking at the project. Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z. (199) discussed the difference between factor and criterion. Factors are the set of circumstances, facts, or influences which contribute to the result; whereas criteria are the set of principles or standards by which judgment is made (Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z., 1999).
Scope, time, cost (The Iron Triangle) and quality, over the last 50 years have become indistinguishable connected with measuring the success of project management. Throughout the 50 years, the description of project management included those criteria and not surprising. The scope is what the initiating organizations define, but time and costs are at best, only guesses, initially calculated with incomplete information about the project.
Quality is a singularity; it is a developing property of people’s different attitudes and beliefs, which often changes as the project’s life-cycle continues. Is project management so reluctant to adopt other criteria to assess project’s progress? Are there another criterion outside the Iron Triangle, such as stakeholder benefits? (Atkinson, 1999).
Projects, however, continue to be designated as failing, despite the management. Why should this be if both the factors and the criteria for success are believed to be known? One argument could be that project management seems keen to adopt new elements to reach success, such as methodologies, tools, knowledge, and skills, but continues to measure or judge project management using tried and failed criteria (Atkinson, 1999). If the standards were the cause of reported failure, continuing to use those same rules will only repeat the failures of the past.
Kiznyte, J., Welker, M., & Dechange, A. (2016) exhibits that the Blendlee case derives the largest part of the combined methods of project management from PMBoK. According to the project cycle approach of that methodology, the project sponsors divided the start-up creation into four stages: the business plan, the company establishment, the platform development and the business sustainability. This method helped to create an overall business management strategy and to structure the business creation processes using the project process groups (Kiznyte, J., Welker, M., & Dechange, A., 2016).
After 50 years it appears that the definitions for project management remain to include an established criteria to measure success, namely the Iron Triangle, scope, cost, and time with quality. These criteria, it is suggested, are no more than two best guesses and a phenomenon (Atkinson, 1999). A determinate time resource is possibly the feature which discriminates project management from most other types of control.
However, to focus the success criteria solely upon the delivery criteria to the segregation of others, it is suggested, may have produced an inaccurate picture of so called failed project management. Atkinson’s (1999) argument demonstrates that two Types of errors can exist within project management.
Type I error is team members incorrectly completes tasks or steps, while a Type II error is when team members do not accomplish tasks as well as it could have been, or missed something. The significant point to be made is that project management may be committing a Type II error and that error is the reluctance to include additional success criteria (Atkinson, 1999).
Baumann, E., Krokos, K. J., & Hendrickson, C. (2014); Kiznyte, J., Welker, M., & Dechange, A. (2016), Atkinson, R. (1999), and Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z. (1999) support the argument as the literature indicates. Researchers identify other success criteria, but to date, the Iron Triangle seems to continue to be the preferred success criteria.
References
Atkinson, R. (1999). Project management: cost, time and quality, two best guesses and a phenomenon, its time to accept other success criteria. International journal of project management, 17(6), 337-342.
Baumann, E., Krokos, K. J., & Hendrickson, C. (2014). Building Algorithms to Estimate Training Resource Requirements. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 58 (1), pp. 2335-2339. SAGE Publications.
Kiznyte, J., Welker, M., & Dechange, A. (2016). Applying Project Management Methods to the Creation of a Start-up Business Plan: The Case of Blendlee. PM World Journal, V(V), 1-24.
Lim, C. S., & Mohamed, M. Z. (1999). Criteria of project success: an exploratory re-examination. International journal of project management, 17(4), 243-248. Saving Changes...
John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Mar 23, 2017 9:02 PM
Replying to Sungjoon Park
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I think iron triangle might be enough for the success criteria since the concept of scope might include the concept of quality which can also be considered to, in general, deal with stakeholder satisfactions and other potential factors.
IMHO, many project fails regardless of what standards, tools or methodologies they used, are using or will use because the project should deal with uncertainty of future. Luck plays a big role in the success of project. Of course, without effort on proper project management approaches, chance might not even come.
Sungjoon,
what I hear is risk management processes is still valid in ensuring success Saving Changes...
John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Mar 24, 2017 1:45 PM
Replying to Ed Tsyitee Jr
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I don't think the Iron Triangle can be the sole criteria for project success anymore. I think success can be attributed to maintaining it as best as possible, but, again, not the sole reason for success.
Look at agile projects-the entire premise of agile is to embrace change and accept failure. Is that project successful if those two things were to happen? Yes. Maybe. Depends.
I remember when I was studying for the CAPM, there was a heavy emphasis on stakeholder management. The idea behind that was if you were to have successful stakeholder management, you'd have a greater chance of project success.
Ed,
It is the interaction between PM processes is iteration and evolving depending on the very nature if the project.
How do you define the success of the projects Saving Changes...
John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Mar 24, 2017 5:47 PM
Replying to Aaron Porter
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I need to make a distinction between project success and product success as part of my response, and I should apologize in advance for going a little off topic.
Project and product success are often conflated and, while there is some justification for it, the success or failure of one does not guarantee the success or failure of the other. The project is about delivering a product (or service). The product is intended to deliver value. One could argue that the purpose of the project is to deliver value, but if that is true, why do many companies stop measuring the success of a "project" as soon as the "product" is delivered?
You don't use the iron triangle to measure product success. There's a part of me that wants to argue that you do not use it to measure project success, either, at least not in the same way as you use it during the project.
The iron triangle really only seems to be iron during the project, not after. It's used to identify constraints, not just for measurement criteria. "Here are three variables; you can define two of them."
When the product is delivered, people usually care about one or more of the aspects of the iron triangle, but the constraints binding which you can use are removed.
* Did you deliver either what the customer requested, or what the customer wanted? (don't get me started...) * Did you deliver on time? * Did you deliver within budget?
Immediately after a product is delivered and a project is closed is usually too early to measure product success.
I've seen projects declared a success even though they were not on time or within budget. In my experience, projects are more often called a failure for delivering what the customer requested, but not what the customer actually wanted.
Jim Highsmith wrote an article about the Agile Triangle, advocating the combination of project and product success measures (although not in those exact words) and discussing how the iron triangle is just one point, representing constraints, with the other points on the triangle being quality and value.
I am not opposed to combining project and product success into one set of measures. What I recently found on a large project where we attempted to do this, however, was that by the time we were able to celebrate success (almost 5 months after delivering the product), a lot of the excitement was lost. It's significantly more motivational to your teams to have some sort of celebration as soon as you deliver. Months of blood, sweat, tears, and profanity have gone into delivering the product, then you deliver, then nothing, for months. Waiting to celebrate until you achieve product success can be a morale breaker.
Aaron,
Thank you for some more clarification and I like your statement, "Project and product success are often conflated and, while there is some justification for it, the success or failure of one does not guarantee the success or failure of the other."
Therefore, a product project will have two success criteria; one for the effectiveness of the methodology and one for the product. Saving Changes...
Sergio Luis ConteHelping to create solutions for everyone| Worldwide based OrganizationsBuenos Aires, Argentina
(sorry about capital letter. is to emphatize). What Aaron stated is critical to understand and it is a point to be into account Rajasekar comment. Project manager is accountable for the project. Business analyst is accountable for the product. The project WILL NOT make money. The product will be make money or any other type of expected benefit. The only thing the project can assure is that the product (and no other product) will be created as defined. And that belongs to project quality. And again, product/service/result to be create for the project IS the concern of the business analyst because the business analyst is the role that work before the project exists to define the solution (the product/service/result is the object of the solution) and aftet the project ends to monitor if stated results are achieved. This is critical to understand to be successful as project manager.
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1 reply by John Rice
Mar 26, 2017 12:40 AM
John Rice
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Thank you, Sergio
It is important for the PM to identify the BA, find out how the BA defines success including quality and risk assessments:
* Defining customer expectation
* Time to deliver
* Cost of delivery
So, I am standing on a project viewpoint that the Iron Triangle remains valid for success criteria, however, embedded is QA/QC.
Do you use another method or scoring model? If so, what?
Saving Changes...
John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Mar 25, 2017 9:49 AM
Replying to Sergio Luis Conte
...
(sorry about capital letter. is to emphatize). What Aaron stated is critical to understand and it is a point to be into account Rajasekar comment. Project manager is accountable for the project. Business analyst is accountable for the product. The project WILL NOT make money. The product will be make money or any other type of expected benefit. The only thing the project can assure is that the product (and no other product) will be created as defined. And that belongs to project quality. And again, product/service/result to be create for the project IS the concern of the business analyst because the business analyst is the role that work before the project exists to define the solution (the product/service/result is the object of the solution) and aftet the project ends to monitor if stated results are achieved. This is critical to understand to be successful as project manager.
Thank you, Sergio
It is important for the PM to identify the BA, find out how the BA defines success including quality and risk assessments:
* Defining customer expectation
* Time to deliver
* Cost of delivery
So, I am standing on a project viewpoint that the Iron Triangle remains valid for success criteria, however, embedded is QA/QC.
Do you use another method or scoring model? If so, what?
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1 reply by Sergio Luis Conte
Mar 26, 2017 7:03 AM
Sergio Luis Conte
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Let me say: the PM must not have to identify the BA. The BA must identify the PM. (generally speaking). Before a project exists the BA start working to create all related to get the project in place. At this time the BA must identify somebody with project management knowledge as one of the stakeholders that will help her/him. That person could not be the assigned project manager if a project is created. Returning to your point, the problem is to define the project success meassures. Things like "growth in market share by 5% in the current year" are totally wrong. You could growth thanks the defined solution (product/service/result) but not by the project. The only thing the project will assure is that the defined solution and not other solution will be created as defined inside the strategic windown. That is because product requirements and project requirements are key to understand and define and thanks God that is the point that will be clear in the next PMBOK and BA Guide to all the community. PM is in charge of project requirements. BA is in charge of product requireements. From product requirements the PM will define the project requirements.
Saving Changes...
Sergio Luis ConteHelping to create solutions for everyone| Worldwide based OrganizationsBuenos Aires, Argentina
Mar 26, 2017 12:40 AM
Replying to John Rice
...
Thank you, Sergio
It is important for the PM to identify the BA, find out how the BA defines success including quality and risk assessments:
* Defining customer expectation
* Time to deliver
* Cost of delivery
So, I am standing on a project viewpoint that the Iron Triangle remains valid for success criteria, however, embedded is QA/QC.
Do you use another method or scoring model? If so, what?
Let me say: the PM must not have to identify the BA. The BA must identify the PM. (generally speaking). Before a project exists the BA start working to create all related to get the project in place. At this time the BA must identify somebody with project management knowledge as one of the stakeholders that will help her/him. That person could not be the assigned project manager if a project is created. Returning to your point, the problem is to define the project success meassures. Things like "growth in market share by 5% in the current year" are totally wrong. You could growth thanks the defined solution (product/service/result) but not by the project. The only thing the project will assure is that the defined solution and not other solution will be created as defined inside the strategic windown. That is because product requirements and project requirements are key to understand and define and thanks God that is the point that will be clear in the next PMBOK and BA Guide to all the community. PM is in charge of project requirements. BA is in charge of product requireements. From product requirements the PM will define the project requirements. Saving Changes...
Sergio Luis ConteHelping to create solutions for everyone| Worldwide based OrganizationsBuenos Aires, Argentina
So, the strategic windon will help the PM to define time (project time). Budged (project budged) is what the organization has assigned inside the approved business case. Scope (project scope) is what the PM will define taking into account the product requirements. And Quality (project quality) is what the PM will define to assure that the defined product/service/result (the object of the solution) is created and non other ones. That is the only thing a PM can manage. As the Argentinian people like me said: Francisco Pope helped me to take a phone call with God regarding project management. I made a deal with God. He will not perform as project manager in the future. I, as project manager, will not make miracles in the future. So, please do not ask me for that.
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1 reply by John Rice
Mar 26, 2017 10:30 PM
John Rice
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Sergio,
Your insight is well laid out and your experience is expressed... thank you. I am glad the differences between PM and BA will be clear in the next PMBOK and BA Guide to all the community.
Saving Changes...
John RiceSustainment Engineer| Lockheed MartinHarmony, Fl, United States
Mar 26, 2017 7:08 AM
Replying to Sergio Luis Conte
...
So, the strategic windon will help the PM to define time (project time). Budged (project budged) is what the organization has assigned inside the approved business case. Scope (project scope) is what the PM will define taking into account the product requirements. And Quality (project quality) is what the PM will define to assure that the defined product/service/result (the object of the solution) is created and non other ones. That is the only thing a PM can manage. As the Argentinian people like me said: Francisco Pope helped me to take a phone call with God regarding project management. I made a deal with God. He will not perform as project manager in the future. I, as project manager, will not make miracles in the future. So, please do not ask me for that.
Sergio,
Your insight is well laid out and your experience is expressed... thank you. I am glad the differences between PM and BA will be clear in the next PMBOK and BA Guide to all the community. Saving Changes...
Ed Tsyitee JrConsultant | Consultant Tucson, Az, United States
Mar 24, 2017 1:45 PM
Replying to Ed Tsyitee Jr
...
I don't think the Iron Triangle can be the sole criteria for project success anymore. I think success can be attributed to maintaining it as best as possible, but, again, not the sole reason for success.
Look at agile projects-the entire premise of agile is to embrace change and accept failure. Is that project successful if those two things were to happen? Yes. Maybe. Depends.
I remember when I was studying for the CAPM, there was a heavy emphasis on stakeholder management. The idea behind that was if you were to have successful stakeholder management, you'd have a greater chance of project success.
How do I define the success of the project?
Is it what the client asked for? Did the project relatively stay with in budget and schedule?
For internal projects-does it further the business' strategy?
I'm sure there are other criteria, but for me that would be the base.
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1 reply by John Rice
Mar 27, 2017 10:30 PM
John Rice
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Thank you, Ed... I am online with what you suggest.
The iron triangle is obsolete since it does not include resources which usually are the key variable. Bob Youker
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2 replies by John Rice and Sergio Luis Conte
Mar 27, 2017 6:31 PM
Sergio Luis Conte
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Resource consideration are inside the time umbrella.
Mar 27, 2017 10:32 PM
John Rice
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Bob,
Interesting, can you explain more about the resources which usually are the key variables? How would you monitor and control to project a successful outcome?