Mr. SachlaniProject Management & PMO Consultant| IndependentJakarta, Indonesia
I made aware for this change when preparing PMP Exam Preparation training material last year. I sent an email to PMI standard department for clarification but have no luck. So I bring this concern to this forum.
What I refering is the definition of Project Budget and Cost Baseline in PMBOK 7th Edition, on Section 2 page 63, Figure 2-18. Budget Build Up depicts that Cost Baseline. The picture depicted that Contingency Reserve is not part of Cost Baseline and Management Reserve excluded from Project Budget.
You may compare with Figure 7-8 Project Budget Components from PMBOK 6th Edition for comparison.
The glossary Contingency Reserve defines in page 237 still the same, “Time or money allocated in the schedule or cost baseline for known risks with active response strategies.” By this definition Cost Baseline should include Contingency Reserve.
I also find an inconsistency with PMI new published standard Process Groups: A Practice Guide that published after PMBOK 7th Edition. On page 219 Figure 9-2. Cost Baseline, Expenditure and Funding Requirements , the standard still using the same picture with the previous PMBOK, where the Management Reserve includes in Project Budget.
Any clarification is appreciated since we should confirmed which definition should we teach to CAPM or PMP aspirants.
Senior Projects Manager | Field & Marten AssociatesNew Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
Interesting point. I am surprised PMI didn’t respond to you. I suggest you use live chat and let them know you need to be connected with someone from Standards Department.
In general, Contingency Reserve is part of the Project Budget and Cost Baseline and it has always been the case while Management Reserve is not, at least this is what we still do when we establish project budgets. Not sure why the figure in 7th Edition shows that Contingency Reserve is not part of Cost Baseline. Maybe one of our colleagues here will be able to shed a light on this.
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1 reply by Mr. Sachlani
Aug 23, 2023 7:38 AM
Mr. Sachlani
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Thanks for your advice.
Saving Changes...
Thomas WalentaGlobal Project Economy ExpertHackenheim, Germany
Like Rami,
I understand that contingency reserves are part of the cost baseline, to be controlled by the PM. Management reserves are not.
BTW, they often are disputed since they blow up the cost baseline and depend on assumptions.
There always were inconsistencies in the standards, given that they are such large books, sometime corrective sheets were offered. Saving Changes...
Iheb BarhoumiEngineering manager - Program Manager - Bio pharma| Bio - Pharmaceutical CompanyTunis, Tunisia
Thanks @Sachlani for bringing up such an interesting point.
Personally, I prefer the simple interpretation of the figure in the PMBOK7: BAC = Cost Baseline + Contengency Reserve.
I dont think that might be a problem during the exam intake, at the contrary they've made it look simpler.
I agree with @Rami, try using the live chat, they are quite responsive on it. Best of luck.
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1 reply by Mr. Sachlani
Aug 23, 2023 8:28 AM
Mr. Sachlani
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It will be no problem if we can find a second reference (at least) to support that definition. So far I couldn't find one.
To me, it depends on how you define your baseline. Baselines are reference systems. There may be many simultaneous reference systems chosen for their utility and convenience at any given time.
In many years of studying and applying standards and practices from many industries, I have never encountered a standard "project baseline". Whether it is the PMBok, SEBoK, IEEE standards, or whatever source, "The Baseline" is not a fixed term. It is chosen based on the context of how the project is managed and the correct meaning can be debated ad nauseam.
Whether your "baseline" includes the known work, the known work plus some expected level of change, the total work including change plus contingency for some unknown events, or the budget provided to the performing organization based on financial goals rather than project performance, it is all a matter of perspective. That perspective can also differ greatly whether you look at a project, program, or a portfolio.
Aside from a passing exam score on one day of your life, the important thing is what are you trying to measure about your financial performance, and what is the most effective way to standardize your measurement system. From a practical perspective, I consider there to be 2 budget baselines of importance: the estimates for the known work (no contingency at all), and the estimate for the risks and opportunities. Those two eventually converge. I don't even know how much management has held in reserve just in case, so it has no bearing on my decision making.
I certainly appreciate the PMBoK inconsistencies. Managing lots of documentation is known for those issues. In practice, the right baseline is whatever makes the most sense to compare your performance to your plan.
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2 replies by Mr. Sachlani and Richard Darko
Aug 23, 2023 8:34 AM
Mr. Sachlani
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My concern is for taking the exam. PMI should maintain the consistency within their Standards. Yes it's not an easy job.
Aug 31, 2023 6:18 PM
Richard Darko
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I agree there can be flexibilities in the definition on a case by case basis.
But being a standard (although still not necessarily a code i.e a standard mandated by law) there still has to be consistency in definitions.
Errors cannot just be accepted for a standard simply because it is not a hard and fast rule.
The PMBOK is supposed to be a distillation of both
1) Best practice
2) General accepted practice
Saving Changes...
Mr. SachlaniProject Management & PMO Consultant| IndependentJakarta, Indonesia
Aug 22, 2023 9:09 AM
Replying to Rami Kaibni
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Interesting point. I am surprised PMI didn’t respond to you. I suggest you use live chat and let them know you need to be connected with someone from Standards Department.
In general, Contingency Reserve is part of the Project Budget and Cost Baseline and it has always been the case while Management Reserve is not, at least this is what we still do when we establish project budgets. Not sure why the figure in 7th Edition shows that Contingency Reserve is not part of Cost Baseline. Maybe one of our colleagues here will be able to shed a light on this.
Thanks for your advice. Saving Changes...
Mr. SachlaniProject Management & PMO Consultant| IndependentJakarta, Indonesia
Aug 22, 2023 12:38 PM
Replying to Iheb Barhoumi
...
Thanks @Sachlani for bringing up such an interesting point.
Personally, I prefer the simple interpretation of the figure in the PMBOK7: BAC = Cost Baseline + Contengency Reserve.
I dont think that might be a problem during the exam intake, at the contrary they've made it look simpler.
I agree with @Rami, try using the live chat, they are quite responsive on it. Best of luck.
It will be no problem if we can find a second reference (at least) to support that definition. So far I couldn't find one. Saving Changes...
Mr. SachlaniProject Management & PMO Consultant| IndependentJakarta, Indonesia
Aug 22, 2023 1:26 PM
Replying to Keith Novak
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To me, it depends on how you define your baseline. Baselines are reference systems. There may be many simultaneous reference systems chosen for their utility and convenience at any given time.
In many years of studying and applying standards and practices from many industries, I have never encountered a standard "project baseline". Whether it is the PMBok, SEBoK, IEEE standards, or whatever source, "The Baseline" is not a fixed term. It is chosen based on the context of how the project is managed and the correct meaning can be debated ad nauseam.
Whether your "baseline" includes the known work, the known work plus some expected level of change, the total work including change plus contingency for some unknown events, or the budget provided to the performing organization based on financial goals rather than project performance, it is all a matter of perspective. That perspective can also differ greatly whether you look at a project, program, or a portfolio.
Aside from a passing exam score on one day of your life, the important thing is what are you trying to measure about your financial performance, and what is the most effective way to standardize your measurement system. From a practical perspective, I consider there to be 2 budget baselines of importance: the estimates for the known work (no contingency at all), and the estimate for the risks and opportunities. Those two eventually converge. I don't even know how much management has held in reserve just in case, so it has no bearing on my decision making.
I certainly appreciate the PMBoK inconsistencies. Managing lots of documentation is known for those issues. In practice, the right baseline is whatever makes the most sense to compare your performance to your plan.
My concern is for taking the exam. PMI should maintain the consistency within their Standards. Yes it's not an easy job. Saving Changes...
To me, it depends on how you define your baseline. Baselines are reference systems. There may be many simultaneous reference systems chosen for their utility and convenience at any given time.
In many years of studying and applying standards and practices from many industries, I have never encountered a standard "project baseline". Whether it is the PMBok, SEBoK, IEEE standards, or whatever source, "The Baseline" is not a fixed term. It is chosen based on the context of how the project is managed and the correct meaning can be debated ad nauseam.
Whether your "baseline" includes the known work, the known work plus some expected level of change, the total work including change plus contingency for some unknown events, or the budget provided to the performing organization based on financial goals rather than project performance, it is all a matter of perspective. That perspective can also differ greatly whether you look at a project, program, or a portfolio.
Aside from a passing exam score on one day of your life, the important thing is what are you trying to measure about your financial performance, and what is the most effective way to standardize your measurement system. From a practical perspective, I consider there to be 2 budget baselines of importance: the estimates for the known work (no contingency at all), and the estimate for the risks and opportunities. Those two eventually converge. I don't even know how much management has held in reserve just in case, so it has no bearing on my decision making.
I certainly appreciate the PMBoK inconsistencies. Managing lots of documentation is known for those issues. In practice, the right baseline is whatever makes the most sense to compare your performance to your plan.
I agree there can be flexibilities in the definition on a case by case basis.
But being a standard (although still not necessarily a code i.e a standard mandated by law) there still has to be consistency in definitions.
Errors cannot just be accepted for a standard simply because it is not a hard and fast rule.
The PMBOK is supposed to be a distillation of both
1) Best practice
2) General accepted practice Saving Changes...
Also puzzled by this change. My discussion with the "real agent" through the chat:
Agent: Please note that the PMP exam is based on the 7th edition of PMBOK and you can refer PMBOK 7th for this.
Me: But the exam is based on the 6th and 7th if I understood well, and I believe a lot of information/tools are missing in the 7th edition. this question should have been asked several times, is there an official explanation for this change?
Agent: The PMP exam is based on the 7th edition. The 6th edition is the older exam format.
Me: asking myself if it is a typo in the 7th pmbok...
Agent: No, you can refer the PMBOK 7th for the PMP preparation.
No answer when I asked how to call the (project budget + management reserve)..
I agree with you Mr Sachlani, A second reference to support this change would have been great. Then we have now to define the project budget before using it... (even with pmp members.. as the old certified member will have a different definition). Saving Changes...
Josh ParrottProduct Manager| Project Management InstituteKy, United States
Mr. Sachlani, our apologies for not receiving a response when reaching out to the Standards Department. As a Product Manager with PMI in our Publications division, your inquiry was shared with me and I wanted to follow up here on this thread. I have been in touch with the development team from the PMBOK Guide Seventh Edition and received the following explanation regarding the coverage of Cost Baseline, Project Budget and Contingency Reserve, please see directly below.
The team charged with updating the 6th Edition to the 7th Edition was charged with moving away from a waterfall approach that was the predominant approach in previous editions. Rather, they were asked to present information in a way that could apply to projects that use a waterfall, hybrid or Agile approach.
The terms you see in the 6th Edition, such as “Activity Cost Estimates”, “Activity Contingency Reserves”, "Work Package Cost Estimates”, and “Control Accounts” are usually reserved for very large projects, especially those that use earned value management.
The 7th Edition team, in an effort to present the budget build up in a way that is more reflective of all projects, combined the information for activity costs, work package costs, and control accounts into the term “work”. Work cost estimates can happen at any level, activities, work packages or control accounts. Another way of visualizing this is:
Work Cost Estimates
Total of all Work Cost Estimates = Cost Baseline
Cost Baseline + Contingency Reserve = Project Budget
Project Budget + Management Reserve = Total funding needed for the project.
You will find that the glossary terms are in alignment with this explanation.
Also, regarding the PMP exam. It is important to note that the exam is not based on any single publication. Please direct your studies to learn the concepts presented in the Exam Content Outline. PMI also publishes a suggested reference list for content to use as part of your studies. Note that the PMBOK Guide Seventh Edition is now listed as one of several publications that can be used.