Project Management

Cockburn´s Failure Modes

last edited by: Claudia Prince on Feb 1, 2023 5:37 AM login/register to edit this page
Keywords: PMI-ACP Tools and Techniques


Alistair Cockburn describes “failure modes and alternatives,” that are related to the human aspect of performance. There are five failure modes:

  1. We make mistakes
  2. Prefer to fail conservative (control and command)
  3. Prefer inventing than researching
  4. Creatures of habit
  5. Inconsistent
  6. To counter “failure modes” Cockburn advises that teams should inculcate discipline, receive feedback regularly, and assign work based on personalities of individual team members.

    Fortunately we humans possess few counter behaviors such as below -Being good at looking around, -Being able to learn -Being malleable -Taking pride in work

    based on which Cockburn suggests the below listed 10 strategies for overcoming the 5 failure modes.

    Failure modes and alternatives

    1. Countering with discipline (standard practice) built in with some tolerance

    2. Start with something concrete and tangible

    3. Copying and altering (template, blank page syndrome)

    4. Watching and listening (Expert in earshot)

    5. Supporting concentration and communication (e.g. Caves and common, Quiet work period)

    6. Personality matched work assignments

    7. Talent (retain best talent)

    8. Rewards that preserve joy

    9. Complement rewards with other factors like good work environment

    10. Feedback (Like continuous integration, pair programming, iteration reviews).


last edited by: Claudia Prince on Feb 1, 2023 5:37 AM login/register to edit this page


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